“For many terrestrialorganisms in the NorthernHemisphere, winter is … survivable only because aseasonal refugium – the“subnivium” – exists beneaththe snow.

“Webelieve that ecologists andmanagers are overlookingthis widespread, crucial, andvulnerable seasonalrefugium, which is rapidlydeteriorating due to globalclimate change”
Pauli et al ( 2013). The subnivium: adeteriorating seasonalrefugium. Frontiers inEcology and Environment<<https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1890/120222>>–

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“Our results indicate that terrestrial ecosystems are highly sensitive to temperature change and suggest that, without major reductions in greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere, terrestrial ecosystems worldwide are at risk of major transformation.”

Nolan et al. Past and future global transformation of terrestrial ecosystems under climate change.

Science 31 August 2018

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“We contend that traditional approaches to forest conservation and management will be inadequate … in the 21st century. New approaches … acknowledge that change is inevitable and sometimes irreversible,and that maintenance of ecosystem services depends in part on novel ecosystems, i.e., species combinations with…