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02-26-2025

ByJordan Joseph

Earth.com staff writer

Animal emotions can be difficult to decipher, but advances in technology may bring them into clearer focus. A new machine-learning model suggests it can distinguish between positive and negative emotional states in various animals.

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These findings could change how we handle livestock and wildlife. After meticulously analyzing distinct calls from cows, pigs, and other relatives, the team realized that certain acoustic signals indicate mood shifts.

Voice patterns and animal emotions

A research team led by Professor Élodie F. Briefer at the University of Copenhagen introduced artificial intelligence to a large library of farm-animal sounds, hoping to identify subtle clues that reveal emotional states.

Machine learning is a computational approach that learns from examples. In this project, the technology compared audio features like pitch and loudness across different calls.

Trained on thousands of recordings, the system recognized which sounds relate to pleasant or unpleasant experiences. The technology reached 89.49% accuracy in discerning the emotional expressions of seven ungulate species.

These animals produce vocal cues that sometimes share evolutionary roots. Researchers suggest that certain voice patterns have remained stable over time, shedding light on how communicative signals might develop across related creatures.

How AI distinguishes animal emotions

The researchers noticed that vocal changes often accompany shifting emotional conditions. They found that duration, pitch range, and energy distribution were particularly telling.

For example, a short call might hint at excitement, while a slower call might reflect unease. This approach could help veterinarians and caretakers catch early warning signs of stress.

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“This breakthrough provides solid evidence that AI can decode emotions across multiple species based on vocal patterns. It has the potential to revolutionise animal welfare, livestock management, and conservation, allowing us to monitor animals’ emotions in real time,” said Briefer.

Benefits of identifying animal emotions

Farm operators face recurring health and behavioral problems in herds. They may observe restlessness, poor feeding, or other signals that something is wrong.

“Understanding how animals express emotions can help us improve their well-being. If we can detect stress or discomfort early, we can intervene before it escalates,” said Briefer.

The new system could streamline daily observations. Advanced software might track changes automatically and alert staff when animals require a closer look.

Broader implications of the study

Some studies link emotional sounds in other mammals to evolutionary communication patterns. Darwin once discussed how shared traits might hint at common expressions of fear or pleasure in various creatures.

Finding parallels across different calls could offer insights into the building blocks of human language. It might illustrate how emotional intonation became a key ingredient in social bonding.

Investigators view this data as a starting point for ongoing research on animal emotions. It could spark fresh perspectives on how animals form social bonds or defend territories.

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“We want this to be a resource for other scientists. By making the data open access, we hope to accelerate research into how AI can help us better understand animals and improve their welfare,” concluded Briefer.

Future research directions

These findings rely on carefully curated audio samples. Not every farm or field environment has perfect recording conditions.

Background noise, overlapping calls, and varying mic quality might hamper real-world performance. Researchers are working to refine the model for practical settings.

Experts also emphasize that decoding emotion is only part of the story. True well-being involves physical health and social needs.

Some farm scenarios involve high-density housing or specialized feeding routines. Technology that provides real-time feedback could help address issues before they become critical.

Future studies may explore if similar approaches apply to other groups, such as primates or marine mammals. Broader comparisons could test the limits of animal emotions and vocal expression similarities.

A better grasp on animal emotions

Industry leaders show interest in solutions that simplify monitoring. Automation might give them more time for direct interaction with animals.

The technology could be adapted for sanctuaries, zoos, or wildlife reserves. Each environment poses different hurdles in terms of space and animal grouping.

A better grasp of emotional signals might also shape ethical guidelines. Stakeholders can decide if certain practices are beneficial or harmful based on real-time metrics.

Artificial intelligence has come a long way in analyzing patterns. This venture into animal emotions might be another step that redefines how we see other beings.

The outcome might encourage more humane systems that appreciate the subtle ways that animals express themselves.

The study is published in iScience.

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Date: February 28, 2025

Author(s): Kitty Block and Sara Amundson

https://www.humaneworld.org/en/blog/bird-flu-and-inflation-are-being-used-excuses-undo-farm-animal-protection-laws?utm_medium=email&utm_source=engagingnetworks&utm_campaign=blog&utm_content=Blog+daily+email+-+2-28-25+pt+2+-+Core

The extreme confinement of farm animals in cages and crates where they cannot turn around or even move a few inches is not only immensely cruel—it is dangerous. Packing animals so tightly in factory farms means zoonotic disease can spread so quickly as to spin out of control. This is what we are seeing with avian flu right now, and we’ve seen it before with other viruses. We have been warning about this and fighting against it for years.  

Now we are seeing entities that have always fought against progress for animals use avian flu and inflation as excuses to move backward on California’s Proposition 12, which sets prohibitions on the sale of food products from farm animals locked in cruel and extreme confinement, imposing basic humane protections for farm animals. Perhaps they are still sour about the loss they suffered when they took Proposition 12 to the Supreme Court of the United States in 2023 and the court upheld the law. And it’s not just California’s law in the crosshairs; there are other laws in states (red, blue and purple) that could be swept up.   

Unfortunately, with egg prices inflating (along with pretty much everything else), those pushing to undo the minimal humane standards that Proposition 12 promotes have support from some key people in the U.S. Department of Agriculture and Congress. On Wednesday, The Wall Street Journal published an opinion piece from Secretary of Agriculture Brooke Rollins in which she says she will “remove unnecessary regulatory burdens on egg producers where possible” and that “this will include examining the best way to protect farmers from overly prescriptive state laws” in response to rising egg prices and the coursing spread of avian flu in commercial laying flocks.  

That same day, the president of the National Pork Producers Council testified before the Senate Agriculture Committee that Congress needs to intervene to strike down Proposition 12, which would also impact other state laws, a sentiment supported by some of the committee’s Republican majority including Chair John Boozman, R-Ark. 

In the face of an avian flu epidemic, it is nothing less than irresponsible and absurd to try to destroy the bulwark of state laws enacted to support public health and higher standards of animal welfare, which were approved with resounding support in more than a dozen red, blue and purple states across the country. 

Those fighting these laws—including a handful of foreign-owned corporations—profit so richly from the cruel intensive confinement of animals that they will stop at nothing to decimate humane and health-conscious standards. Where before it was a regressive faction of the factory farming industry fighting tooth and nail against Proposition 12 and laws like it, now the most immediate source of danger to these laws is the U.S. government itself, ideologically captured by the industrial factory farming actors whose backward practices keep us in the stranglehold of intensive farm animal confinement.  

The rapid spread of avian flu through confinement systems is, sadly, not a surprise. Through our public awareness outreach and public policy agenda, we have been trying to break the grip of extreme confinement, which is bad for the environment, bad for human health and bad for animals.  

Whether it’s avian flu, swine flu, or SARS, it’s the same chilling storyline, always. Large-scale intensive confinement of animals is an incubator and catalyst of viral disease. This practice represents a genuine danger, even as the very agencies and congressional committees charged with their oversight go on whistling past the graveyard.  

As for egg prices, let us put it plainly: State laws on public health and animal welfare are not causing inflation, the effect of which is being seen across the board on all kinds of products. Yet Rollins invoked inflationary worries as a rationale “to protect farmers from overly prescriptive state laws” like Proposition 12.  

The next day, though, the head of the California Poultry Federation underscored the point that so many egg farms are now cage-free; any obliteration of cage-free standards would inadvertently punish the many farmers who moved swiftly to meet rising consumer demand for products following higher animal welfare standards.  

There was a fleeting moment in which we hoped that Secretary Rollins would “kick the tires” on the spurious claims being circulated to torpedo these laws. Rollins’ most recent gig was leading the America First Policy Institute, which is a strong proponent of states’ rights under the 10th Amendment, but Trump’s first administration opposed Proposition 12 and other state laws. Ironically, a federal government populated with champions of the 10th Amendment—which reserves rights to the states and the people, while limiting federal power—is one that might be expected to support the will of state legislatures and their citizens rather than indulge Big Ag industry associations in their campaign to rake in as much money as possible, regardless of animals and public health.  

Yet, that’s where we are. Neither the Trump administration nor a few key congressional agricultural leaders respect the sovereign authority of states to legislate on matters of grave importance to their citizens, at least not when it comes to the abject cruelty and health-endangering scourge of intensive confinement of animals. Meanwhile, more than 200 members of Congress, from across the political continuum are on record in vehement opposition to all efforts to unwind these state laws. 

It is a disgrace that there is so much prevarication going on at a time when the danger of virulent zoonotic diseases incubating within our agricultural system has never been greater. With respect to the spread of avian flu, there is no evidence that cage-free flocks are more susceptible to the virus. As Daniel Sumner, a leading expert and professor of agriculture and resource economics at UC Davis who also advises the pork industry, put it, “Prop. 12 is mostly irrelevant to bird flu impacts and bird flu is mostly irrelevant to Prop. 12 impacts.” Moreover, according to the USDA, in 2025 thus far, 71% of avian flu outbreaks were in cage systems, whereas only 29% of outbreaks occurred in cage-free systems. 

Let’s be clear about what’s going on here. For years, backward-facing elements in the meat industry have been trying to decimate well-crafted public health and animal welfare laws in the sole interest of their own bottom lines. Their call for the gutting of such measures will not advance the public interest in relation to inflation or the prevention of pandemics.  

There is plenty that the federal government can do to mitigate inflation and to address the threat of avian flu without coddling factory farming conglomerates—domestic and foreign-owned—shamelessly seeking to take advantage of the crisis. But a mandate that encourages the practice of forcing hundreds of millions of egg-laying hens to live, sleep, eat and defecate in cramped cages where H5N1 and other epidemic threats can flourish? We’ve seen and had enough of that.  

Sara Amundson is president of Humane World Action Fund.  

• Updated: Feb. 26, 2025, 4:37 p.m.
• |Published: Feb. 26, 2025, 2:08 p.m.

• https://www.nj.com/news/2025/02/nj-reports-first-bird-flu-case-in-domestic-poultry-in-2-years-amid-outbreak.html

By 

• Jackie Roman | NJ Advance Media for NJ.com

A case of bird flu was discovered at a live bird market in Union County, the New Jersey Department of Agriculture announced Friday, marking the first positive bird blu case among domestic poultry in New Jersey since 2023.

The case was identified in test samples collected on Feb. 19 that were submitted and tested at the New Jersey Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory as part of routine surveillance.

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The live poultry market, which was not identified by officials, has been quarantined and will undergo a thorough cleaning and disinfection to eliminate the virus within the facility, state officials said. The facility will remain temporarily closed before being restocked and reopened.

“The risk of HPAI to the general public remains low and no poultry were sold to the public that may have been infected,” according to the press release.

The news comes one month after the country’s first bird flu death and amid sightings of dozens of dead waterfowl in New Jersey parks throughout the state suspected to have died of bird flu. The resurgence began in December, according to the New Jersey Department of Agriculture, and is believed to be impacting various species of wild birds in all counties, including but not limited to waterfowl, raptors, and scavenger birds.

The H5N1 strain of bird flu is currently widespread in wild birds worldwide, according to the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service’s wild bird surveillance program. The virus, which has been detected in all 50 states, is also causing outbreaks in poultry flocks and U.S. dairy cows, particularly in western states, according to surveillance data.

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The CDC has also reported over 60 human cases of bird flu related to individuals who had close contact with infected livestock or poultry since 2024.

As of Wednesday, there have been no reported cases of H5N1 bird flu in humans or cattle in New Jersey. And although bird flu is spreading in the U.S., the CDC has yet to identify any person-to-person transmission. As with the patient in Louisiana, most bird flu infections are the result of animal-to-human exposures.

“The overall threat is quite low,” said Dr. David J. Cennimo, an associate professor of medicine and pediatrics in the Division of Infectious Diseases at Rutgers New Jersey Medical School.

“We haven’t really seen the hallmarks of what would turn into a pandemic, the human-to-human transmission,” Cennimo told NJ Advance Media. “We’re not at the spot yet where it looks imminent, but I think it’s important that we maintain vigilance and we try to prevent the spread.”

The bird flu spreads through contact with bodily secretions from infected birds, including feces, ocular, nasal, or oral secretions. It can also spread via vehicles, equipment and shoes.

Other potential sources include manure, contaminated vehicles, equipment, egg flats and poultry transport crates, according to the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, part of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Due to the ongoing outbreak, New Jersey farmers have been asked to take steps to prevent infection.

“New Jersey farm owners and farm workers should be aware of the risks and monitor dairy cattle, domestic poultry, other livestock, farm pets, and farm workers for signs of illness,” said State Veterinarian Amar Patil in a December letter to New Jersey dairy producers. “Clinical signs of H5N1 bird flu in dairy cattle may include decreased appetite, drop in milk production, thickened colostrum-like milk, abnormal feces, dehydration, lethargy, and fever.”

In chickens and turkeys, bird flu may cause the animal to become very quiet, not eat or drink, have diarrhea, incur swelling, and experience discolored combs and feet. Birds may also die suddenly without any signs of disease, according to the New Jersey Department of Agriculture’s Division of Animal Health.

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Wild birds, especially migratory waterfowl such as ducks and geese, are carriers of the virus and can pass the disease along while appearing perfectly healthy.

Domestic house cats are also susceptible to bird flu, according to the American Veterinary Medical Association.

To protect yourself from the bird flu:

• Avoid direct contact with sick or dead wild birds, poultry, and other animals.
• If you must have close contact with sick or dead wild birds, poultry, or other animals, wear personal protective equipment.
• Do not touch surfaces or materials contaminated with saliva, mucous, or animal feces from wild or domestic birds or other animals with confirmed or suspected bird flu.
• Do not touch or consume raw milk or raw milk products.
• Properly cook poultry and eggs.
• Keep bird feeders away from the home.

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People who have had unprotected contact with infected birds should monitor themselves for symptoms for 10 days following their last exposure. If symptoms such fever, cough, eye redness and body aches develop, individuals should see a healthcare provider.

If you encounter sick or dead wild birds, report the finding to the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Fish and Wildlife hotline at 1-877-WARN-DEP or 1-877-927-6337.

If you suspect bird flu in livestock, please alert the New Jersey Department of Agriculture, Division of Animal Health at 609-671-6400.

If you suspect bird flu in a human, contact the local health department.

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