http://inlandnorthwestweather.blogspot.com/2021/06/weve-never-seen-drought-like-this.html

Inland Northwest Weather Blog

A discussion of weather and climate of the Inland Northwest.

Wednesday, June 2, 2021

We’ve never seen a drought like this

 We’ve never seen a drought like this

It’s well known that weather in the western US is drier than in the eastern US.  As such, droughts are more common in the West.  Most of the West is designed to accommodate this drier climate.  The mountains get heavy snow in the winter, which slowly melts off in the spring and summer.  There are numerous dams throughout the West which catch much of the snow melt, using it to irrigate our farmland (as well as generate electricity).  This enables western farmers to grow crops in some rather arid locations.  
Still, there are some areas in the West that, similar to their eastern counterparts, rely solely on the rain and snow to irrigate their croplands.  In the West we call this “dryland farming”.  The biggest example of this is typically wheat and barley, but also includes a lot of hay.  The Inland Northwest is known as one of the largest producers of wheat in the US.  

These dryland crops require moisture through the spring and into the early summer.  Grains such as wheat and barley will ripen during the hot summer months and so they don’t really require much if any rain at that point until they are harvested in late summer.  This matches the usual rainfall patterns we see here in the Inland Northwest.  But not this year.
Rainfall this spring hasn’t just been light, it’s been nearly non-existent.  We haven’t seen anything like this before.  Spokane just finished it’s driest February through May ever.  EVER.  Records for Spokane go back to 1881.  That means this was the driest spring in 140 years!  And it wasn’t just Spokane.  The dark red area in the image below shows all of the areas that have had their driest February-May on record.

As you can see, it’s been dry over much of the Northwest this spring, but the Inland Northwest has been the epicenter of this dryness.  The three month period of March through May was the driest for many other locations in the Northwest.

So the natural question is “what caused this drought?”.  The answer isn’t straightforward and probably incomplete given our current understanding of weather and climate.  One contributor that we are aware of is La Nina.  To which you may be saying “I thought La Nina meant wetter than normal conditions for our area”, and you would be correct.  Here’s a diagram showing the basic jet stream pattern for a typical La Nina that you may have seen before:

The purple and orange lines are meant to represent the variable jet stream patterns we normally see during a La Nina winter/spring.  The purple line shows a colder phase of the jet stream, diverting up into Alaska and then bringing colder but drier air into the Northwest US.  But then the jet stream will also at times follow the orange line, bringing Pacific moisture into the Northwest.  The problem is that for the spring of 2021, we’ve seen a LOT more of the purple jet stream, and not so much of the orange jet stream. 
Note in the image above the big H and the blocking High Pressure in the Gulf of Alaska.  Here’s the air pressure anomaly at about 18,000 feet in the atmosphere from the Feb-May period this spring.

What this shows is that the air pressure in the Gulf of Alaska has been higher than normal this spring.  This compares very well with the idealized La Nina image previously shown with the Blocking High in the Gulf of Alaska.  So this looks like what we would expect for a La Nina winter/spring.
But now here’s the jet stream anomaly for this past spring:

Do you see that ribbon of bright colors along the Canadian west coast?  That shows that the jet stream this year has been coming from the northwest a lot more and a lot stronger than usual.  Note that those bright colors extend all the way back to Alaska, across the north Pacifc and Kamchatka Peninsula.  In other words, the “purple” jet stream has been doing its thing during a La Nina winter like it should.
But then look at the other area of bright colors in the image above, out in the eastern Pacific.  Those show that the jet stream across the Pacific has been much weaker  and infrequent than normal.  So the “orange” jet stream that is supposed to bring the moisture, hasn’t been doing its job this spring.  
The result is that we’ve been getting a lot more of the “purple” jet stream from the northwest (which is a dry weather pattern), and not nearly enough of the “orange” jet stream from the Pacific (which is a wet weather pattern).
Is there any hope of this pattern changing?  Officially, the Climate Prediction Center declared the 2020/21 La Nina over.  That’s not to say that our weather pattern will necessarily change, especially since we are heading into the typical hot dry summer season.
Here’s the computer forecast for the June-July-August season for temperature and precipitation.  They call for a warmer and drier than normal summer overall all of the western US.  

But this of course is a computer forecast.  And you may be wondering if the computer forecasts correctly predicted our record dry spring.  That’s a good question, and the answer is no, the computers never saw it coming.  Here’s the forecast made back in February 2021 for the Feb-Mar-Apr timeframe.  That area of light blue in the Inland Northwest shows that the computer actually expected that we would see normal or possibly wetter than normal conditions for our area, which agreed with the usual La Nina pattern.

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/may/12/one-in-four-cities-cannot-afford-climate-crisis-protection-measures-study

Survey of 800 cities around world finds almost 43% do not even have plan to adapt to impacts of global heating

Fiona Harvey Environment correspondentWed 12 May 2021 00.01 EDT

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One in four cities around the world lack the money to protect themselves against the ravages of climate breakdown, even though more than 90% are facing serious risks, according to research.

Cities are facing problems with flooding, overheating, water shortages, and damage to their infrastructure from extreme weather, which is growing more frequent as the climate changes. A survey of 800 cities, carried out by the Carbon Disclosure Project, found that last year about 43% of them, representing a combined population of 400 million people, did not have a plan to adapt to the climate crisis.

Budgetary restraints were cited as the key reason by about 25% of cities. Many are reliant on national governments for the funding needed to protect their infrastructure and vulnerable populations from these threats.

The survey found that last year 422 cities had 1,142 projects to adapt to the climate crisis yet to be financed, requiring about $72bn (£51bn) in investment. The cost of water management projects alone that were yet to be financed was estimated at $22.6bn.

Kyra Appleby, the global director of CDP, said: “Adaptation [to the impacts of climate change] is trickier to finance than emissions action. There are enormous benefits from adaptation and resilience, but they don’t appear on the balance sheet. Only a fraction of recovery spending [from the coronavirus pandemic] is being put towards climate change, and even less towards adaptation.”AdvertisementRepublicans vote to remove Liz Cheney fromleadership role over Trump ‘big lie’ criticism – livehttps://imasdk.googleapis.com/js/core/bridge3.457.0_en.html#goog_41717134https://imasdk.googleapis.com/js/core/bridge3.457.0_en.html#goog_630681426https://imasdk.googleapis.com/js/core/bridge3.457.0_en.html#goog_2025795412SKIP AD

Installing renewable energy generation, such as solar panels, can generate a financial return, and energy efficiency projects begin to save money quite quickly, but the benefits of adapting to the impacts of extreme weather are less obvious and often more diffuse.

As well as reducing the risk of disaster and damage from extreme weather events such as flooding or droughts, adapting and increasing resilience to climate breakdown carries many benefits for the public, including cleaner air and water. For instance, increasing or enhancing green spaces, such as parks and other public amenities, is one of the key ways for cities to adapt, and can also vastly improve public health and mental wellbeing.

Places citing budgetary constraints as a barrier to adapting to the climate emergency included Southend in England, Rio de Janeiro in Brazil and Columbus in the US. Appleby said: “It’s a really varied mix of cities across the world that are experiencing this as a problem.”

She said the experience of the Covid-19 pandemic, when cities were deserted during lockdowns, has made people more aware of their vulnerability to shocks. “It has opened many people’s eyes to the issue of resilience and the huge interconnectedness of the planet,” she said. “But this needs the support of national government, and cities need funding to become more resilient places in the long term.”

Businesses may provide another source of funding for some adaptation projects. Three-quarters of cities surveyed by CDP were already working with businesses on sustainability issues, or had plans to do so within the next two years.

Appleby said some cities were adapting well to the climate crisis, including London, Bristol, Los Angeles and Athens. The Greek capital is turning roofs green and planting trees to cool the overheated streets, while Bristol is constructing more than 10 miles (17km) of flood defences.