Lion and bobcat hunting is more than management | Guest column
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This week, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service gave final administrative approval of a plan to set loose shooters and hunters to kill 450,000 barred owls in the Pacific Northwest.
Let me tell you the truth about this mad plan: It’s costly, inhumane, and doomed to fail.
It is the largest-ever massacre of raptors ever proposed in any country in the world.
The plan is in motion because barred owls, who for eons have occupied enormous portions of the North American continent, have over the last century moved into the same forests where northern spotted owls live.
The barred owls, driven by land management actions by people and also by the effects of climate change, have adapted and expanded their range.
Barred owls are protected as a North American native species under the federal Migratory Bird Treaty Act. They are being scapegoated because human-driven habitat loss has had adverse effects on spotted owl communities.
Barred Owls and Spotted Owls Are Look-Alikes
Range expansion by species is as natural as the sun rising or the clouds forming. That’s how ecological systems work, and it’s occurring every day, with hundreds of species. Barred owls and spotted owls are already interbreeding and producing hybrid offspring that will be more adaptable to a changing ecosystem. That, again, is nature at work.
Our own government is creating a dangerous and ugly precedent by planning a mass killing of a North American native species. Do we want agency personnel knee-deep in the business of killing native species to protect other native species, in a world where we’ve scrambled the workings of all manner of land and ocean ecosystems?
Imagine if, because of climate change and other human impacts on the environment, orcas off the Pacific Northwest coast began migrating to Hawaii’s coastal regions. There, to meet their caloric needs, they started eating highly endangered Hawaiian monk seals. Would it be right for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service or some other agency to gin up a plan to start shooting and killing the migrating whales to prevent occasional seal predation, or to enlist whaling ships to send explosive harpoons at the killer whales?
Sure, let’s intervene where we can and when there is a helpful way forward to protect threatened spotted owls and other species in peril. But not this way. Mass killing of North American native species should be off the table.
If the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service goes down this road of managing social interactions between animals, where will it end? There are more than 1,300 federally listed threatened and endangered species, and you can be sure that there are thousands of other species competing with them every day in our nation.
We cannot victimize animals for adapting to human disturbances of the environment. Smarter, more strategic, less violent uses of the agency’s limited time and resources are what’s needed.
Biden Administration Must Abandon This Killing Plan
The Biden Administration hasn’t lifted a finger to stop state-run wolf massacres in Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana. The Administration has been opening more and more national wildlife refuges to sport hunting and is even allowing continued use of toxic lead ammunition for hunting on hundreds of refuges, poisoning countless owls, eagles, foxes, and other scavengers that consume the spent lead. And it’s been rounding up wild horses and burros at a break-neck pace on our federal lands even though there’s a law that calls for their protection in the West.
Recently, we stopped the National Park Service from rounding up wild horses at Theodore Roosevelt National Park in North Dakota. We’re fighting in the courts and in Congress to protect wolves. And now we must stop the Fish and Wildlife Service from massacring barred owls.
We’re not the only ones who consider the plan overreaching and unworkable. The Vancouver Columbian, a newspaper in the heart of forest owl habitat in southwest Washington state, also opposes the owl-killing plan, noting “officials would trigger a never-ending cycle” of barred owls “moving into new habitat.” It will be impossible to stop in-migration of barred owls living in adjacent habitats. And in an editorial, The Los Angeles Times also urged the agency to scrap the plan: “Maybe the government should consider what one biologist who has long studied spotted owls has suggested: Let nature take its course and leave it to the owls.”
Mountain Lions Offer More Than a Pretty Face and a Fine Physique
New report reveals mountain lions limit spread of brain-wasting disease in deer and elk and protecting them may save billions in outdoor recreational activities in Colorado
By Wayne Pacelle
Mountain lions are hell on zombie deer and elk roaming the Rockies.
The map below tells the story of mountain lions and their disease-cleansing work on the iconic deer and elk herds that are emblems of the mile-high ecosystems in the Rocky Mountain State and other parts of the West.
Colorado has had a long-running epidemic of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD), an incurable, fatal neurological disease, akin to Mad Cow Disease. It is a plague for cervids (i.e., deer, elk, and moose) — infecting 42 out of 51 deer herds and 17 of 42 elk herds in the state.
CWD eats away at the brain of an infected animal, disorients it, and ultimately kills the victim. The disease first emerged 50 years ago in cervid populations kept in captivity by researchers at Colorado State University. Wild deer and elk mingled with the captive cervids, and the genie has been out of the bottle ever since.
It’s horrible for the animals, and it’s bad news for the state of Colorado. Deer and elk license sales alone account for two-thirds of hunting revenue for Colorado Parks and Wildlife. The related economic activity is a boon for rural communities throughout the state. If deer and elk herds were to be dramatically depleted in the decades ahead, as some predict, it would send the rural economy into a tailspin.
CWD also has zoonotic disease potential, with some scientists concerned that it can infect hunters and their families if they eat diseased animals. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention advises against consuming deer or elk meat harvested from CWD-infected animals because of its potential to infect humans. The human form of CWD is Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease.
Fortunately, nature has in place a check against unmitigated spread of CWD among those animals. A new report by Jim Keen, DVM., PhD, a former USDA veterinarian and infectious disease scientist and the director of veterinary science for the Center for a Humane Economy, reveals that mountain lions play a key role in reducing the spread and the incidence rate of CWD in deer and elk. Since the disease is incurable, the predatory behavior of mountain lions, bobcats, and wolves may be the only way to arrest its spread and cleanse the wild deer and elk populations.
Lions on the Hunt for CWD-Infected Deer and Elk
Dr. Keen’s report, Big Cats as Nature’s Check Against Disease, outlines how mountain lions preferentially prey on sick deer and elk, bringing major ecological and economic benefits to Colorado. Their predation, which can reduce the incidence of CWD, underscores the ability of native cats to cleanse deer and elk herds of the brain-wasting disease.
“With no vaccine or cure for Chronic Wasting disease, wildlife managers are struggling to find solutions,” notes Dr. Keen. “Perhaps the best policy response at the moment in Colorado is to stop killing 500 or so mountain lions a year that conduct population cleansing at no cost to the state and that protect the long-term health and viability of cervid populations.”
The report details at least four lines of evidence supporting predator cleansing:
- Predator-prey ecology & disease modeling. Mathematical models suggest that predation by mountain lions (and wolves) can significantly reduce CWD prevalence over time.
- Empirical observations. Field studies in Colorado show that mountain lions are more likely to prey on CWD-infected deer compared to healthy deer.
- Laboratory experiments. Research indicates that CWD-infected proteins can become inactive after being digested by coyotes, mountain lions, or bobcats, reducing environmental contamination. If not ingested by a predator, a diseased protein in an infected animal can survive in the environment for years and perhaps even a decade.
- Disease biogeography. CWD tends to be much less prevalent in areas where wolf or mountain lion populations can freely prey on cervids. There are CWD-free ecosystems, including the upper western Great Lakes region where gray wolves prey on white-tailed deer, and in the Greater Yellowstone basin where wolves, mountain lions and bears prey on deer and elk. There are many counties in Colorado where lions live and CWD has no foothold.
The new report implicitly calls into question the long-standing practice of trophy hunting of mountain lions in Colorado. Animal Wellness Action and the Center for a Humane Economy are helping lead a coalition, consisting of 100 organizations, that has qualified an initiative for the November 2024 ballot.
Trophy Hunting of Lions Is a Ruthless, High-Tech Enterprise
Trophy hunting of mountain lions has become high-tech and highly commercialized, with guides guaranteeing kills of trophy cats, mainly for out-of-state hunters. The hallmark of trophy hunting is to kill a large-bodied animal, with the seasonal take being about 500 lions a year (with 53% male and 47% female in the 2023-24 season).
One guide advertising on-line charges $8,500 for a “[n]ear 100% opportunity” to kill a “mature cat.” Deploying “trucks, snowmobiles, and other off highway vehicles,” he and his team “start our days very early driving roads looking for mountain lion tracks. Once we have a track located, we release hounds and catch your cat. Using GPS technology we track the hounds and precisely locate where they treed your trophy. We then determine the easiest route to take you into your trophy.”
The guide notes that “[m]ost hunts will be based out of our home where clients will have their own private bed, bath and living room area. Weeks where we choose to travel to further hunting areas, lodging will be based out of a nice toy hauler RV, or possible motels in the nearest town. Some areas we will stay in a rustic modern cabin with most of the luxuries of home.”
In short, Colorado has become a commercial playground for out-of-state hunters who outsource the chasing and cornering of the animal. The “hunt” is reduced to shooting a terrorized animal from a tree, with no escape possible. It’s an arboreal canned hunt. The kills are guaranteed, and the lions don’t have a chance.
The killing of mature adult males removes the most efficient animals skilled at killing traditional prey. And the annual killing of as many as 250 females, many of them with kittens who become orphaned and die, impairs the collective work of lions to target CWD-infected sick deer and elk.
“You don’t have to be a wildlife biologist like me to understand that mountain lions play a critical role in Colorado and western ecology,” said Elaine Leslie, Ph.D., a wildlife biologist in Durango and former Chief of Biological Services for the National Park Service. “These animals are an antidote to disease in deer and elk, selectively removing animals that threaten to spread disease and ensuring the protection of Colorado’s biodiversity, and a key part of our rural economy.”
Even major hunting groups that have fallen in line with their brethren to oppose the ballot measure have previously recognized the long-term threat of CWD to the health of prey populations. CWD is “the biggest threat to the future of deer hunting,” according to the Teddy Roosevelt Conservation Partnership, while the National Deer Association calls CWD “the most serious long-term threat to the future of wild deer and deer hunting that we face today.”
Still, because of their long-held hostility to mountain lions and other native carnivores, these groups oppose the ballot measure to halt cruel and unsporting commercial killing of native cats.
“These predators are often seen as competitors with hunters, but they appear to play a vital role in stemming more extreme spread of CWD,” noted Dr. Keen. “If you want to protect hunting and other forms of wildlife-associated recreation associated with deer and elk, then protect mountain lions and allow them to deliver their gratis predator-cleansing services. Mountain lions are a deer and elk hunter’s best friend.”
When CWD becomes highly prevalent in deer and elk populations, as it has in parts of Colorado and dozens of other states, it threatens to slowly erode cervid productivity and may make deer and elk hunting unsustainable. According to population models, CWD may, over a 50-year horizon, substantially reduce or even end hunter take of cervids in large parts of Colorado. The direct economic value of deer and elk hunting and wildlife-watching likely exceeds a billion dollars annually in Colorado. That means that passing a lion-hunting ban, and allowing the animals to do their work, would provide billions in practical services and value in the decades ahead to rural Colorado.
“Since all human efforts to control CWD to date have failed, maintaining ecologically viable apex predator populations represents our best hope at controlling CWD,” noted Col. Thomas Pool, DVM, MPH, a lifelong hunter and rancher from southwest Oklahoma and former chief of the U.S. Army Veterinary Command. “Ending trophy hunting of mountain lions in Colorado is critical to maintaining the billion-dollar deer and elk hunting and wildlife watching economies across Colorado.” Dr. Pool is now senior veterinarian with Animal Wellness Action.
The Colorado ballot measure is about stopping the killing of lions and bobcats for their heads and beautiful coats. It’s also about protecting the big cats who keep nature in balance. Coloradans have a 100-percent guaranteed chance to stop the unacceptable abuse of these remarkable animals who play such a vital role in keeping other wildlife, central to the economy and culture of the state, healthy and robust.
Go to www.CatsArentTrophies.org for more information.
For the animals,
| Wayne Pacelle President Animal Wellness Action |
Antidepressant pollution is rewiring fish behavior and reproduction, biologists reveal
https://phys.org/news/2024-08-antidepressant-pollution-rewiring-fish-behavior.html#google_vignette
An international study led by biologists from Monash University and the University of Tuscia has revealed how long-term exposure to pharmaceutical pollutants is dramatically altering fish behavior, life history, and reproductive traits.
The five-year investigation, focusing on wild-caught guppies exposed to the widely prescribed antidepressant fluoxetine (Prozac), highlights the profound and interconnected effects of this pollutant on aquatic ecosystems.
The study, led by Dr. Upama Aich from the Monash University School of Biological Sciences and Assistant Professor Giovanni Polverino from the University of Tuscia, is published in the Journal of Animal Ecology.
Pharmaceutical pollutants, especially antidepressants like fluoxetine, have become a pervasive issue in water bodies worldwide. These pollutants, often introduced through wastewater discharge, persist at low levels in rivers, lakes, and oceans.
Despite their widespread presence, the full impact of these chemicals on aquatic wildlife, particularly on behavior and reproductive success, has remained unclear.
“Even at low concentrations, fluoxetine altered the guppies’ body condition and increased the size of their gonopodium, while simultaneously reducing sperm velocity—an essential factor for reproductive success,” said Dr. Aich, from the Monash University School of Biological Sciences.
“Fluoxetine exposure also significantly reduced the behavioral plasticity of guppies, leading to a lower capacity of the individuals to adjust their own activity and risk-taking behaviors across contexts,” said Assistant Professor Giovanni Polverino, from the University of Tuscia.
To explore the effects of antidepressant pollution, the research team exposed guppies to three environmentally relevant concentrations of fluoxetine over multiple generations. The team then meticulously tested fish behavior, physical condition, and reproductive health after five years of pollutant exposure.
Male guppies were the focus due to their heightened sensitivity to environmental shifts, particularly in traits tied to behavior, body condition, and reproduction. Researchers measured key life-history traits such as body condition, coloration, and gonopodium size (a modified anal fin used as a reproductive organ in males), along with critical sperm traits including vitality, number, and velocity.
Fluoxetine exposure disrupted the natural correlations between key traits. For instance, the expected link between activity levels and body condition, and between gonopodium size and sperm vitality, was altered. This disruption indicates that the pollutant is interfering with the natural trade-offs fish make between survival and reproduction.
The study reveals the extensive and nuanced impacts of pharmaceutical pollutants on aquatic life.
“The disruption of behavioral plasticity and the altered correlations between critical traits could undermine fish populations’ ability to adapt to environmental challenges, threatening their long-term survival,” said Professor Bob Wong, from the School of Biological Sciences and senior author of the study.
These findings emphasize the need for a more comprehensive approach to evaluating the ecological and evolutionary consequences of pharmaceutical pollution. As human activities continue to introduce new pollutants into the environment, understanding their effects on wildlife is crucial for preserving biodiversity and ensuring the health of ecosystems.
This research offers vital insights into how chronic exposure to common pharmaceutical pollutants like fluoxetine can fundamentally alter the traits that fish rely on for survival and reproduction.
The findings highlight the need to address pharmaceutical pollution and implement stricter regulations to protect aquatic life from this threat.
More information: Upama Aich et al, Long‐term effects of widespread pharmaceutical pollution on trade‐offs between behavioural, life‐history and reproductive traits in fish, Journal of Animal Ecology (2024). DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.14152
Journal information: Journal of Animal Ecology
Provided by Monash University
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Antidepressants polluting the water can change fish behavior
A lawsuit claimed that teaching evolution promotes atheism. Here’s what a federal court said
Atheists may support the theory of evolution, but that doesn’t mean public school lessons on evolution unlawfully promote atheism, a new ruling said
Published: Sept 4, 2024, 10:04 a.m. MDT
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https://www.deseret.com/faith/2024/09/04/teaching-evolution-in-schools-lawsuit/
By Kelsey Dallas
Kelsey is an assistant managing editor for the Deseret News. She covers religion, sports and the Supreme Court.
Atheists may support the theory of evolution, but that doesn’t mean public school lessons on evolution unlawfully promote atheism, according to a new ruling from a federal district court.
The decision dismissed a lawsuit brought by Christian parents in Indiana, who were fighting to force changes to Indiana’s state standards for science education and to get books referencing evolution out of public school classrooms.
The family’s main argument was that teachers violate religious freedom law when they promote “the atheist religion” by teaching students about evolution.Report ad
The court ruled that evolution is not a religious concept and allowed the science education standards to remain in place, per Religion Clause.
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Religion and evolution
It’s not new for religion to play a key role in court battles over science lessons in public schools.
Throughout the 20th century, supporters of evolution education used religious freedom law to push back against policies barring teachers from tackling the topic.
These families argued that efforts to block evolution lessons unlawfully prioritized Christianity in the public school setting, as Pew Research Center noted in its overview of the evolution debate.
The recent case out of Indiana stands out because it features a very different religious freedom argument — the claim that teaching evolution violates the Constitution by promoting atheist beliefs.
The parents who filed the lawsuit, Jennifer and Jason Reinoehl, argued that schools that teach evolution essentially choose sides in a faith-based debate, thereby violating the First Amendment’s prohibition on government establishment of religion.
“Because the atheistic Theory of Evolution specifically attacks the Judeo-Christian origin story it has the purpose and effect of advancing the atheist religion,” the lawsuit claimed, per WISH-TV in Indianapolis.
Federal District Court Judge Sarah Evans Barker wrote in her ruling that the Reinoehls’ had misinterpreted the establishment clause.
“Despite Plaintiffs’ assertions to the contrary, the purported similarities between evolution and atheism do not render the teaching of evolution in public schools violative of the Establishment Clause, which has never been understood to prohibit government conduct that incidentally ‘coincide(s) or harmonize(s) with the tenets of some or all religions’,” Barker wrote, per WISH-TV.
What has the Supreme Court said about evolution?
The U.S. Supreme Court has previously come out against efforts to restrict lessons on evolution in cases dealing with faith-based science lessons.
In Epperson v. Arkansas in the late 1960s, the justices unanimously said that an Arkansas law banning instruction on evolution in public schools, including state universities, was unconstitutional because its purpose was to promote theological claims.
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The Epperson case “put an end to state and local prohibitions on teaching evolution,” Pew reported.
Then, in Edwards v. Aguillard 20 years later, the Supreme Court disrupted another effort to promote religious ideas about human creation by ruling that Louisiana could not require teachers to pair lessons on evolution with lessons on creation science.
Justices in the 7-2 majority decided that legislators’ goal in passing the requirement was to advance a religious viewpoint, per Pew.
Pew’s article noted that these past Supreme Court rulings do not prevent schools from addressing the Bible’s creation stories in other contexts, such as a world literature class.
Opinion: Vote “yes” in November to save Colorado’s mountain lions, lynx and bobcats from trophy hunters
Cats Aren’t Trophies ballot measure would ban trophy hunting and trapping of wild cats in Colorado
By Julie Marshall | Guest Commentary
PUBLISHED: September 4, 2024 at 5:15 a.m.
Voters can choose to vote “yes” to end the trophy hunting of mountain lions for their heads, and fur-trapping of bobcats to sell their beautiful fur as coats. It’s the right moral decision, for Cats Aren’t Trophies on the ballot in November.
Our coalition held a press conference Friday at The Wild Animal Sanctuary, the perfect venue, given that founder Pat Craig is renowned for saving big cats from horrific cruelty at the hands of mankind.
On this cool August morning, we saw a mountain lion, her sweet butterfly-patterned face hiding in the grass before she walked away, which is quintessential lion behavior when humans are present. We saw two lynx and a bobcat, making up all three of the wild cats that will be spared from trophy hunting and fur trapping with a “yes” vote.
Among the cats were CATs supporters: A powerful display of serious-minded voices for true wildlife conservation.
The room was silent, however, when shown raw footage of packs of dogs chasing lions and bobcats into trees, where they were shot as trophies.
Our campaign follows the journalistic virtue of “show, don’t tell” and this film shows the lion trophy hunting outfitters, who sell our wild cat as “your trophy” for upwards of $8,000 (the exact price for a lesser-maned African lion). In their own words, Colorado lion trophy hunters and fur trappers told the crowd that they were after their personal big trophy lion, a bucket list item, a thrill-kill.
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Watch the video, “This is NOT Conservation,” on YouTube.
Veterinarian, Dr. Valerie Johnson, who holds a PhD from Colorado State University, connected the dots. “Mountain lion trophy hunters of Colorado are in the same vein as the people who pay big money to go to Africa and cut the tusks off elephants, or heads off lions,” she told the crowd.
Erik Molvar spoke as a hunter, although he’s a well-published biologist in wildlife conservation.
“Hunters are like me, they subscribe to hunting ethics … Hunting for big cats is trophy hunting, pure and simple. It’s not to fill the freezer, it’s to bring home a trophy … to brag about and impress your friends,” Molvar said. “That doesn’t respect the quarry, so it doesn’t deserve any particular respect from the general public, either.”
Perhaps the most well-received voice was that of J Dallas Gudgell, an experienced environmental scientist and member of the Fort Peck Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes.
“As an Indigenous person concerned with and raised in a framework of right relationship with the natural world, I find trophy hunting and egocentric activity upends nature’s natural balance,” explained Gudgell, who is Wildlife and Tribal Policy Director for the International Wildlife Coexistence Network, one of the 100 groups endorsing CATs. “I support the people’s right to participate in the Democratic process to protect wild cats from senseless use.”
Dr. Christine Capaldo, a specialist in feline medicine, spoke of the bobcat in her southwestern Colorado community who was fur-trapped and strangled to death just to sell its fur on the lucrative Chinese fur market.
“Allowing unlimited numbers of bobcats to be killed isn’t about wildlife biology or management, it’s about greed, trophies, the despicable fur trade to China, and a complete disregard for the welfare of wildlife …Colorado’s native wild cats should not ever be for sale.”
Dr. Mickey Pardo, PhD, a wildlife biologist in Fort Collins, recently featured in the New York Times and National Geographic for his work, explained,
“As a biologist, I support the CATs ballot measure to ban trophy hunting and trapping of wild cats in Colorado. The scientific evidence is clear that hunting these animals is completely unnecessary and the methods used to hunt them are exceptionally cruel.”
Deanna Meyer, born and raised in Colorado, runs a rural family farm in lion country, abutting National Forest Lands, and she will vote “yes” to CATs based on her personal experience.
“One Christmas Day two years ago, I followed the sounds, finding six dogs who treed a terrified bobcat on my land,” Meyer said. “I was infuriated when I found out that there was nothing I could do. When this initiative passes, it will end this harassment and protect lions and bobcats who aren’t causing conflicts with humans.”
Delia Malone closed the event, speaking as a West Slope field ecologist, and Wildlife Chair for the Colorado Sierra Club, which endorses CATs. She’s vice chair of Roaring Fork Audubon, which is one of six Audubon Societies of Colorado that endorses CATs as well.
“At my home in Redstone which borders roadless area, we’re lucky enough to have a cougar family that has lived in the forest above us for generations — we’ve never had a negative encounter with the cougar family,” Malone said. “Trophy killing of lions contradicts the science, it is ethically wrong and should be outlawed.”
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Every speaker at this event shows Colorado voters who we are: A vast coalition of wildlife experts, conservationists and diverse citizens, statewide including the most rural citizens living with lions, who all agree that this kind of fringe hunting for heads and fur has no place in the great state of Colorado, where we respect ethical outdoor activities, including ethical hunting of deer and elk for food.
As Pat Craig said so well: “Let’s be clear: Mountain lions and bobcats are not a food source as many callous individuals like to suggest. Instead, they are hunted solely for their heads and beautiful coats.”
Julie Marshall is the director of communications for Cats Aren’t Trophies.
Roughly 80 animals killed, 1 arrested after Monterey County shooting spree
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PRUNEDALE, Calif. —
The Monterey County Sheriff’s Office said that a person was arrested after an early morning shooting in Prunedale resulted in the death of around 100 farm animals.
According to investigators, around 3:25 a.m., the sheriff’s office began receiving calls of numerous shots being fired off of Avery Lane, a side road connected to Paradise Road. As deputies arrived, they could hear shots being fired in the area.
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A shelter-in-place was issued until law enforcement was able to find the shooter and take them into custody. Only one person was taken into custody.
A spokesperson for the sheriff’s office said that the suspect began shooting multiple weapons in and around the area. The gunman allegedly fired hundreds of rounds over three hours.
“Various calibers of weapons could be heard being fired in an area that was extremely dark and covered in thick vegetation. This made it difficult for deputies to immediately locate the person or persons responsible for firing the weapons,” said a deputy spokesperson.
Using a drone, the suspect, later identified as 39-year-old Vicente Joseph Arroyo of Salinas, was located in a crashed vehicle near 16000 Avery Lane in a vineyard.
The spokesperson also said that around 80 animals were killed, including chickens, birds, rabbits, guinea pigs, goats, ducks, other types of birds and a miniature horse.
Some animals survived the shooting and were taken to SPCA Monterey County, but were later euthanized due to the severity of their injuries.
Multiple long rifles, shotguns and handguns, including an illegal assault weapon, were found at the scene, along with several loaded and empty magazines.
The investigation is ongoing, but there is no further threat to the public, per a sheriff’s office spokesperson.
Arroyo was booked and charged with willful discharge of a firearm with gross negligence, cruelty to animals, illegal possession of an assault weapon, vandalism, criminal threats and felon in possession of a firearm, per the spokesperson.
His bail is set at $50,000, per the sheriff’s office.
Deputies say no person was injured in the shooting.
